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Iqbal’s critique of nationalism emerges from his philosophical, ethical, and spiritual concerns about the direction of modern political life. For him, nationalism represented a powerful yet deeply limiting force that risked fragmenting humanity into antagonistic groups defined by territory rather than by moral or spiritual unity. While he acknowledged that nationalism had arisen in Europe under specific historical circumstances—such as the decline of feudalism and the rise of the modern territorial state—he argued that its uncritical adoption in ________ ____ _________ __________ __________ ______ __________ ___ ______ __________.
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