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Iqbal’s critique of nationalism arose from his broader philosophical vision rooted in spiritual unity, ethical universalism, and the reconstruction of the Muslim self. He viewed nationalism, particularly in its European form, as a product of materialist modernity that encouraged territorial loyalty at the expense of moral and spiritual bonds. For Iqbal, nationalism emerged from a secular worldview that separated religion from politics and society, thereby undermining the holistic nature of human identity. He believed that this ideology, ___ _________ ________ ____ _____ ______ _________ ______ ____ __________ ________.
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