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Semiotics, also known as the science of signs, is the systematic study of signs, symbols, and the processes through which meaning is created and communicated. The term is derived from the Greek word *semeion*, meaning "sign." Semiotics plays an important role in linguistics, communication, literary studies, media, philosophy, and translation studies. In the context of *Anuvad aur Bhashavigyan* (Translation and Linguistics), semiotics helps translators understand how meanings are represented through various signs and how these meanings can be effectively transferred from the source language to the target language. A sign is the basic unit of semiotics. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, every linguistic sign consists of two components: the *signifier* and the *signified*. The signifier is the physical form of the sign, such as a word, sound, or symbol, ______ ____ __________ ___ _____ _________ _____ _______ ________ ______ ________.
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