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Social policy refers to the principles, guidelines, and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare. In the field of social work research, understanding the various models of social policy is essential because these models reflect the political, economic, and ideological contexts in which social workers operate. Each model provides a framework that influences how social services are designed, implemented, and evaluated. Globally, different countries adopt different models of social policy depending on their historical background, socio-political structure, and economic resources. The analysis of these models through the lens of research methods in social work enables practitioners and scholars to critically assess their relevance, effectiveness, and implications for vulnerable populations. Social work research employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to examine how these models function, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and evaluate their outcomes. The use of empirical data, policy analysis, case studies, and comparative frameworks allows social workers to understand the impact of social policies on different communities and demographic groups. The models discussed below are among the most prominent globally recognized approaches to social policy. 1. The Residual Welfare Model The residual model views welfare as a temporary safety net, which is to be used only when the normal structures of supply—namely, the family and market—fail. It is grounded in a conservative ideology where individual responsibility is emphasized over state intervention. Welfare services under this model are often means-tested and stigmatized. Countries like the United States follow this model to a significant extent, especially in ___ ____ _________ _______ ________ _______ ___.
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