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रूपांतरण and translation are closely related yet fundamentally different processes within the field of language and communication. Both involve transferring meaning from one linguistic or expressive form to another, but they differ in purpose, method, scope, and creative freedom. Understanding the distinction between these two concepts is essential for studying translation as a systematic and meaningful process. Translation refers to the process of rendering the meaning, message, style, and intent of a source language text into a target language while maintaining maximum possible equivalence. It aims to preserve the original content without altering its central ideas. The translator acts as a mediator who faithfully conveys the linguistic, cultural, and contextual meaning of the source text. Translation requires proficiency in ______ ______ ______ ______ ________ ____ _________ ________ _________ ____ _____.
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