Explain how the circular buffer in RISC helps in implementation of efficient procedure calls. Also, explain the concept of RISC pipelining and optimisation of RISC pipelining.

What is a micro-instruction? Explain the organisation of control unit. How microinstruction-based control unit work? Explain with the help of a diagram.

With the help of micro-operations, explain how an instruction that uses direct addressing mode can be fetched, decoded and executed by a machine. You April follow the conventions as given in Unit 10 of Block 3.

Assume that a computer has 16-bit memory words. The size of instructions on this machine is 32 bits,
which consists of an 8-bit operation code, a 4-bit addressing mode, one4-bit register address and one
16-bit memory address. Some of the opcodes and addressing modes for this machine are shown
below:
Opcode: 10001111 – Add the content of the operand into the Accumulator register
Opcode: 10001110 - Subtract the content of the operand from the Accumulator register
Addressing Mode: 0011 Direct addressing using a memory address
 Addressing Mode: 0100 Base Register Addressing; where the 4-bit register address is the address
of the register and the 16-bit memory address contains the offset from the base
register.
Show the content of memory containing two add instructions one using addressing mode 0011 and
the other using addressing mode 0100 along with operands and operand addresses. You should show
instructions, operandsand memory addresses in the diagram.

Subroutine call and return instructions

Branch and Jump Instructions

Shift Instructions

Scanners

Voice-based input

LCD monitor

Video Memory

Explain the functioning of Programmed I/O. What are its advantages and disadvantages? For what kind of architecture would you like to use Programmed I/O? Explain when an I/O processoris needed in a computer system.

What are the different types of Interrupts? How is an interrupt processed? What is the need for DMA even though there exists an Interrupt driven I/O mechanism? Explain the functions of DMA.

Explain the following cache to the main memory mapping scheme with the help of an example and a suitable diagram.
(i) Directcache mapping
(ii) Four-way set associative cache mapping

What is DRAM? Why is it used as the main memory of a computer? How is it different that the cache memory? Explain the data organisation of a Hard disk with the help of a diagram. What is CLV? What are its advantages and disadvantages? How can you overcome the disadvantages of CLV?

Represent (-78.25)10 and (0.03125)10 in IEEE 754 single precision format.

Explain the functioning of a 3-bitripple counter with the help of a diagram.

Explain the functioning of the T flip-flop with the help of a logic diagram and characteristic table. Also, explain the excitation table of this flip-flop.

Assume that a source data value of 1110 was received at a destination as 1100. Show how Hamming's Error-Correcting code will be appended to source data, so this error of one bit is identified and corrected at the destination. You April assume that error while transmission occurs only in the source data and not in the code

Explain the functioning of a 38decoder. You should draw its truth table and explain its logic diagram with the help of example input.