Digital Watermarking and its Applications

Principal Component Analysis

Let the salt and pepper noise have the following pdf:

Obtain the mean and variance of this distribution.

Given a four-symbol source {a, b, c, } with source probabilities {0.1, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2}, arithmetically encode the sequence b b a d c.

Calculate the following for the data given below:

i) Entropy

ii) Coding redundancy of Binary code

iii) Coding redundancy of Huffman code

[Given, log 0.05= -4.32] 

The following pattern classes have Gaussian probability functions:

w :{(1, 1)^T , (3, 1)^T , (3, 3)^T , (1,3)^T}  and

w :{(5, 5)^T , (7, 5)^T , (7, 7)^T , (5, 7)^T }

Assuming that ,P(w₁ ) P(w₂) = obtain the equation of the Bayes’ decision boundary between these two classes.

Give examples of string matching and matching shape numbers.

Compute Mean Square Error (MSE) and Signal to Noise Ration (SNR) for the reference image  and the processed image

Show that subtracting the Laplacian of an image from the image itself is proportional to the Unsharp Masking.

Adaptive Mean Filter.

Wiener Filter

Gamma Correction

Apply Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to the sequence (x) given below: x ={1 2 8 9}.

Verify whether the original sequence can be determined without any loss of information after Inverse Fourier Transform.

Apply Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to the following image:

Determine the DC component of the following image:

Perform multiplication and division operations on the following two images:

Differentiate between supervised and un-supervised learning. Give an example of each.

Determine the binary output for the image if the threshold is given by

i) 3

ii)

Perform Histogram Equalization for the 88 image shown below: Image Grey Level Distribution.

Discuss gender and performance using this image. (You can use Block 3 as reference).