Discuss the reduction of alknoyl halides using different reagents. Write the reactions involved and the products formed.

What is Michael addition? Explain giving suitable example and the mechanism involved.

Write chemical equations and reaction conditions for any five methods of preparation of carboxylic acids.

Write chemical reactions for the following named reactions:

 (i) Etard’s reaction

(ii) Gattermann-Koch synthesis

(iii) Gattermann synthesis

(iv) Wacker process

(v) Friedel-Crafts acylation

Write the products of the following reactions of epoxides: (5)
 (i)  oxirane  + H₂O ---> OH + ____________
 (ii) oxirane +  CH₃OH  -----> OCH₃  + _____________
 (iii) oxirane  + RMgX  -------->  _____________  ------> H⁺/H₂O + ___________
 (iv) oxirane + heat ------------> _____________
 (v) oxirane + LIAlH₄  -------> _________

Give the preparation and use of nitroglycerin.

How will you prepare phenol from benzene? Give the sequence of the reactions involved.

Discuss the reactivity of allylic and benzylic halides in nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Write the resonance structures of pyridine-N-oxide.

Give any two methods of preparations of pyrrole. Also write the reactions involved

Which position of naphthalene is more active towards electrophilic substitution? Explain giving suitable structures.

How can you convert butane to 2-butyne.

How can you distinguish between terminal and internal alkynes using IR spectrum?

What is Witting reactions? Give the mechanism of this reaction.

Give examples of additives used to increase the octane number.

Define octane number. What are different factors affecting the octane number of a compound.

Briefly explain the guidelines/ rules to predict the relative importance of resonance structures in different molecules/species of organic compounds.

Draw the possible modes of vibrations of  group present a molecule.

Draw the conformations of 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. Which of these conformations is more stable and why?

Discuss the optical activity of the following molecules giving suitable diagrams.

(i) trans-dichloroethene

(ii) meso-tartaric acid