Describe the structure and functions of mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis.

 Discuss how wobble base pairing allows efficient translation with a limited number of tRNAs.

Explain the salient features genetic code.

Explain how alternative splicing and RNA editing contribute to proteomic diversity in eukaryotes. 

Describe the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing and the role of the spliceosome.

Compare the fidelity of transcription and DNA replication and discuss the biological significance of transcriptional errors.

Describe the roles of RNA polymerases I and III in eukaryotic transcription.

Explain how differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription influence gene regulation complexity in eukaryotes. 

Describe transcription by RNA polymerase II, including core promoters and general transcription factors.

Discuss how inhibitors of bacterial transcription act as antimicrobial agents and explain their mode of action.

Describe the three stages of transcription in prokaryotes, highlighting rho-dependent and rho-independent termination. 

Explain how DNA foot printing is used to identify promoter regions.

Describe the structure and function of prokaryotic RNA polymerase and the role of the sigma factor in transcription initiation

Describe the practical workflow for downloading a protein structure from the PDB and visualizing it using PyMol, including the role of molecular file formats.

Explain how multiple sequence alignment using CLUSTALW can be applied to study evolutionary relationships among proteins.

Discuss the use of metabolic pathway databases such as KEGG and MetaCyc in understanding cellular metabolism and disease pathways.

Explain the steps involved in retrieving a gene or protein sequence from NCBI and analyzing it using BLAST.

Describe how bioinformatics tools and databases are used in computer-aided drug design, highlighting structure-based and ligand-based approaches.

 Explain the structure and importance of amino acid substitution matrices such as PAM and BLOSUM in sequence analysis

Describe the principles of pairwise and multiple sequence alignment and differentiate between global and local alignment.