What is the principle of microscopic reversibility? How is it explained by the transition state theory of organic reactions? Explain with the help of an example.

Categorise the following reactions as oxidation or reduction reaction indicating the oxidation state of carbon in the reactants and the products for all the reactions:

List the factors that are responsible for the relative strength of nucleophiles. Write the conjugate acids of the following nucleophiles.

R₃N, RCHCN^- , ^-NH₂, Br^-, CH₃CH₂O^-

Why does nitrobenzene not undergo Friedel-Crafts alkylation?

How would you prepare the following?

(i) 3-Octyne from 1-hexyne

(ii) cis-3-Hexene from 3-hexyne 

Calculate the number of normal modes of vibration for the following compounds:

(i) H₂O 

(ii)  CH₄

(iii) HBr

Arrange the following bases in increasing order of basic strength and give reason for your answer.

Complete the following reactions:

(i) CH₃CH₂CH₂BH₂  

(ii) (CH₃)2C=O + Ph₃P = CH₂      

An alkene having molecular formula C6H12 an ozonolysis yielded butanal and ethanal. What is the structural formula of alkene

An alkene having molecular formula C6H12 an ozonolysis yielded butanal and ethanal. What is the structural formula of alkene

Addition reactions of alkenes are exothermic processes. Explain.

Predict the hybridization state of each carbon atom in allene which has the following structure:

CH₂ = C = CH₂

Alkanes with odd number of carbon atoms have lower melting points than those with an even number of carbon atoms.

Arrive at the Lewis structure of XeF4 using the steps given in Unit 3.

Complete following equations:

i) ³⁰P + ... → ³⁰Si

ii) ¹⁰B+n→ ...+a

iii) ²⁰Ne+¹³⁶Ba→ ¹⁵⁰Dy+...

iv) ... + ²H→ ²²Na+a

v) ²⁴¹Am + ... → ²⁴³Bk + 2n

In the mass spectra, alkanes give a series of peaks separated by 14 mass units.

Normal water contains isotope of hydrogen ³H, tritium. It has a half-life of 12.3 years. Determine the age of a bottle of wine whose ³H radiations is about 1/10 that present in new wine.

How would you prepare alkanes from the following? (Give only one example).

(i) Alkyl halide

(ii) Carboxylic acid 

UV-VIS absorption spectra are broad band spectra. Explain.

Explain why π→ π* transitions are the most useful transition in UV-VIS spectroscopy?