What is ceramide? How is sphingomyelin synthesized from ceramide? 

Describe the CPD-base pathway for phosphatidyl choline synthesis.

Explain DAG transacylase pathway for triglyceride synthesis.

List different stages of cholesterol biosynthesis, explain first step in detail.

Calculate the number of ATP produced by oxidation of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis and TCA cycle. Is this number less or more than that produced during β-oxidation of palmitic acid you attempted in question 6a?

What is the role of fatty acids synthase complex in fatty acid metabolism?

What are ketone bodies and how are they synthesized? Why is level of ketone bodies increase in uncontrolled diabetes?

Explain the major pathway of a fatty acid oxidation taking palmitic acid as an example. At which site of the cell do these reactions take place? 

Explain the partitioning of fixed carbon to sucrose and starch synthesis in leaf cells.

Explain the mechanisms involved in concentration of CO2 in C4 plants and indicate the relevance of these adaptations for plant growth

Describe the process of glycogenesis and its regulation.

Justify the statement that gluconeogenesis from pyruvate is not the simple reversal of glycolysis.

Explain regulation of TCA cycle.

Why is ATP known as the biological energy currency? Does ATP have any other role than energy currency? If yes, give a brief account of it.

Explain different phases of glycolysis. Write the final equation indicating the net production of ATP.

Catabolism

Chemotrophs

Anaplerotic reactions

Glycolysis

Substrate level phosphorylation