Explain the bioleaching processes with suitable examples. Discuss the factors affecting bioleaching process.

Discuss the characteristics of hemicellulose and lignin degrading microorganisms and processes involved in biodegradation.

Discuss the sources and classification of solid waste based on hazardous potential, content and origin. Explain the mechanisms involved in biodegradation of xenobiotics.

Explain the principles involved in trickling filter and activated sludge treatment with suitable diagrams.

Discuss the applications of biotechnology in environmental management. Write short notes on biomonitoring and biomethanation.

What is electrophoresis? What are its various types?

Explain the working of biosensor in detail.

Explain the working method of nanoscale optofluidic sensor array.

Distinguish between various types of PCR techniques.

Explain the principle of flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

Describe different types of x-ray diffraction methods.

Describe the application of chromatographic techniques in environmental monitoring.

Classify the chromatographic technique based on mobile phase, stationary phase and mechanism of separation.

Examine the policy and institutional framework of e-governance in India with reference to ICT4D. Analyse the strategic objectives and implementation mechanisms of key e-governance programs. Reflect on how these efforts contribute to transparency, efficiency, and citizen-centric service delivery in governance.

ICTs have been instrumental in creating inclusive knowledge societies. Explain the characteristics of a knowledge society and analyse how ICTs can be leveraged for equitable knowledge access in developing countries.

Assess the impact of ICTs on environmental sustainability. How can digital technologies contribute to climate action and natural resource management in developing countries?

Discuss the interrelationship between ICTs and poverty reduction with relevant case studies. Evaluate how ICT interventions have been employed to address multidimensional poverty. Cite relevant examples.

Critically examine the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in bridging the digital divide. How ICT4D initiatives have addressed or failed to address access, affordability, and digital skills, particularly in developing countries like India.

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