The number of births occurring in a country in 2015 classified according to age of mother, together with the female population in each group of the childbearing period, is given as follows:
| Age | Female Population (in '000) | Number of Births to the mother in the age group |
|---|---|---|
| 15 - 19 | 84.79 | 2,343 |
| 20 - 24 | 70.01 | 14,541 |
| 25 - 29 | 72.66 | 16,736 |
| 30 - 34 | 75.92 | 10,218 |
| 35 - 39 | 75.10 | 5,134 |
| 40 - 44 | 71.62 | 1,422 |
| 45 - 49 | 66.66 | 93 |
| Total | 516.66 | 50,487 |
The total population of the country in 2015 was 2285.8 thousand. Using the given information, determine the following:
(i) CBR,
(ii) GFR,
(iii) ASFR for the country in 1958.
See Answer →Write a short note on the Sampling Registration method of data collection for vital statistics.
See Answer →In a quantal assay, the number of cured cases for five doses of a standard and four doses of a new test drug are recorded in the following table:
| d_i} | {n_i}$ | {r_i} | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | 3 | 28 | 4 |
| 6 | 30 | 8 | |
| 9 | 24 | 12 | |
| 12 | 32 | 22 | |
| 15 | 27 | 21 | |
| Test | 2 | 31 | 3 |
| 4 | 25 | 9 | |
| 6 | 30 | 16 | |
| 8 | 25 | 16 |
Determine the median effective dose for the standard and test drugs using regression model.
See Answer →State whether the following statements are True or False. Give reason in support of your answer:
(a) Equality of slopes is the basic requirement for the parallel-line assay.
(b) The quantal assay is applicable when the response is the percentage of subjects who responded to a treatment at different doses.
(c) A complete life table is more elaborate than an abridged life table.
(d) Primary prevention includes strategies designed to reduce the incidence of disease.
(e) In Phase II of a clinical trial, we determine a safe dosage range and identify potential side effects.
See Answer →Probit model and Complementary log-log model.
See Answer →Coefficient of determination and adjusted coefficient of determination.
See Answer →Chi-square test and McNemar’s test.
See Answer →Left and Right censoring
See Answer →A hypothetical study was conducted on ten participants who were followed up for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) over a period of 10 years. The recorded data are given as follows:
| Participant ID | CHD Time |
|---|---|
| P1 | 5 |
| P2 | 8 |
| P3 | 2 |
| P4 | 6+ |
| P5 | 9 |
| P6 | 6 |
| P7 | 10+ |
| P8 | 4 |
| P9 | 8 |
| P10 | 4+ |
Estimate the survival function using the K-M method.
See Answer →Explain the Kaplan and Meier method of estimation with an example.
See Answer →4. The amount of dose (xi), total number of patients who received medicine (ni) and number of cured patients (yi) are recorded in the following table:
| S. No. |
|
|
|
| 1 | 5 | 24 | 60 |
| 2 | 10 | 18 | 48 |
| 3 | 15 | 12 | 40 |
| 4 | 20 | 20 | 80 |
| 5 | 25 | 26 | 104 |
(i) Fit a logistic model considering initial values of and
up to only one iteration.
(ii) Test the significance of the fitted model using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test at 5% level of significance.
See Answer →To study the relationship between age (in years) and cholesterol level (in mg/dL) of two groups of patients, the following data were recorded:
Group 1
| Age (years) | 46 | 52 | 39 | 65 | 54 | 49 | 76 | 71 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cholesterol | 185 | 218 | 182 | 220 | 224 | 193 | 232 | 228 |
Group 2
| Age (years) | 20 | 33 | 78 | 51 | 43 | 44 | 63 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cholesterol | 180 | 238 | 275 | 244 | 242 | 268 | 260 |
(i) Fit the multiple regression model.
(ii) Obtain the regression models for each group separately.
(iii) Test the significance of the fitted model at 5% level of significance.
See Answer →2. A study was conducted to compare two diagnostic methods, say, Method-I and Method-II. The following table shows the classification of the presence of infection on a 5-point Likert Scale (none, mild, moderate, severe and extreme):
| Method-II | Method-I | ||||
| None | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Extreme | |
| None | 89 | 5 | 16 | 2 | 4 |
| Mild | 36 | 3 | 15 | 6 | 2 |
| Moderate | 20 | 4 | 22 | 6 | 1 |
| Severe | 14 | 2 | 37 | 18 | 16 |
| Extreme | 4 | 1 | 16 | 23 | 50 |
Compute simple and weighted Kappa Statistic(s) to compare both methods.
See Answer →State whether the following statements are True or False. Give reason in support of your answer:
(a) If there are 170 true positive cases out of 200 diseased cases, the sensitivity of the test will be 0.85.
(b) A multiple regression model with three regressor variables was fitted on 15 observations, and the following values were obtained:
Then, the adjusted R2 will be 0.9618.
(c) The method of least squares is used for fitting the logistic model.
(d) The survival function is the probability of an individual surviving less than a specified time t.
(e) If the relative risk for a clinical trial is , the relative risk reduction will be
.
Discuss various considerations for accuracy assessment giving suitable examples.
See Answer →What is change detection? Describe various classification based methods of change detection.
See Answer →Use of functions in R programming and the difference between for and while loops.
See Answer →R environment and RStudio interface and the importance of R programming
See Answer →Signature evaluation for image classification
See Answer →Give an account of various image transformation techniques.
See Answer →