Suppose a software application for online ticket booking has been successfully deployed. Describe a scenario that would necessitate each of the following types of software maintenance.

(a) Corrective Maintenance

(b) Adaptive Maintenance

(c) Perfective Maintenance

(d) Preventive Maintenance

 Explain the hierarchy of software testing levels: Unit Testing, Integration Testing, and System Testing. Describe the primary goal of each level.

 Differentiate between Black-Box Testing and White-Box Testing. Provide one example testing technique for each.

A software project has been estimated to have 300 Function Points (FP). The project is being developed by a

team with average experience, and the complexity of the project is considered high. The company uses a productivity factor of 10 FP per person-month.

(a) Calculate the estimated effort in person-months.

(b) If the project needs to be completed in 6 months, calculate the estimated team size (number of people required).

(c) Briefly explain what a "Function Point" represents in software estimation and why it is often preferred over Lines of Code (LOC) as a metric.

 For the "Hostel Management System" described in Q2, create the following Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs):

(a) A Context-Level (Level 0) DFD showing the main system and its interactions with extemal entities (eg, Student, Administrator, Accounts Department).

(b) A Level 1 DFD that decomposes the main process from the Context-Level diagram into at least three major sub-processes (e.g., "Manage Student Registration," "Process Fee Payments," "Allocate Rooms").

 For the "Hostel Management System" described in Q2, create the following Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs):

(a) A Context-Level (Level 0) DFD showing the main system and its interactions with extemal entities (eg, Student, Administrator, Accounts Department).

(b) A Level 1 DFD that decomposes the main process from the Context-Level diagram into at least three major sub-processes (e.g., "Manage Student Registration," "Process Fee Payments," "Allocate Rooms").

Specific Requirements (At least two Functional Requirements and two Non-Functional Requirements, e.g., performance, security).

Specific Requirements (At least two Functional Requirements and two Non-Functional Requirements, e.g., performance, security).

Overall Description (Product Perspective, User Characteristics, Constraints)

. You are tasked with developing a "Hostel Management System" for a university. The system should manage student check-in/check-out, fee payments, room allocation, and mess billing.

Prepare a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document for this system. Your SRS must include at least the following sections as per the IEEE 830 standard:

a. Introduction (Purpose, Scope, System Overview)

For which of the following scenarios would you choose the Spiral model over the Waterfall model? Justify your Scenario 1: Developing a simple inventory management system with well-understood requirements.

Compare and contrast the Waterfall Model and the Spiral Model of software development based on the following criteria:

Risk Handling Capability

Flexibility to accommodate changes

Customer Involvement

Suitability for large vs. small projects

The difference between a hub, a switch, and a router.

User and Group management in Linux, including the purpose of chown and chmod commands.

The concept of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) and its benefits.

The concept of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) and its benefits.

The role of a RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) system, specifically explaining RAID 0 and RAID

What is EFS (Encrypting File System) in Windows? How does it provide security for files stored on a local disk?

What is IPsec? Explain its two primary modes of operation: Transport Mode and Tunnel Mode. Use diagrams to illustrate how the packet structure changes in each mode.

What is IPsec? Explain its two primary modes of operation: Transport Mode and Tunnel Mode. Use diagrams to illustrate how the packet structure changes in each mode.