State the differences between mitochondrial and peroxisomal ẞ oxidation pathways of fatty acids.

Discuss the energetics of fatty acid oxidation, taking palmitic acid as an example.

Explain the steps of fatty acid oxidation and transport before these are oxidized.

How are starch and sucrose synthesized in plants?

Explain Kranz anatomy. How do such plants fix carbon?

Demonstrate the role of hormones in regulation of glycogen metabolism.

Which factors govern the reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and why is it important?

What is gluconeogenesis? Name five gluconeogenic substrates and explain the significance of this pathway.

Draw TCA cycle and write the equation showing net outcome of this cycle. Also calculate how many ATPs are produced by aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule?

Explain Cori cycle and its significance.

Name two coenzymes derived from the vitamin niacin. Write one reaction indicating their role.

Discuss the feeder pathway of galactose metabolism.

Write five features of metabolism design.

Expand the following terms and state their function:

(i) HOW

(ii) STAT

(iii) MAPK

(iv) PKC

(v) EpoR

 Explain the role of CAMP in hormone signaling.

What is an immunoassay? Discuss it application in hormone assay.

Explain the pathophysiology of following diseases:

(i) Cushing's disease

(ii) Grave's disease

Discuss the structure of G-proteins.

What is the difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis in terms of their etiology and symptoms?

Draw and explain the anatomy of adrenal gland in mammals.