Write the chemical reaction for the following reactions along with their detail description:

a) Reimer-Tiemann reaction

b) Carbylamine reaction

c) Witting reaction

d) Wolff rearrangement

e) Hofmann rearrangement

a) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction  
Chemical reaction:  
Phenol + CHCl₃ + NaOH → Salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) + NaCl + H₂O  

Description:  
In the Reimer-Tiemann reaction, phenol is treated with chloroform (CHCl₃) in the presence of a strong base like NaOH. This reaction leads to the formation of a chloroform derivative, which then undergoes hydrolysis to yield salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde). The mechanism involves the generation of a dichlorocarbene intermediate, which reacts with phenol to form the desired ortho-hydroxybenzaldehyde product.

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b) Carbylamine Reaction  
Chemical reaction:  
R-NH₂ + CH₃I → R-N=C=NH + HI  

Description:  
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