Write the basic principle of Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) also name the ions commonly used for primary beam in RBS.
Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) is an analytical technique based on the elastic scattering of high-energy ions from the nuclei of atoms in a target material. The fundamental principle of RBS relies on the Coulombic interaction between the positively charged incident ions and the atomic nuclei in the sample. When a high-energy ion, typically in the range of 1–3 MeV, strikes a target atom, it experiences a repulsive electrostatic ________ __________ ________ _______ _______ ________ __________ _________ ________.
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Explain why neutron induced reactions are most common whereas deuteron induced reactions require accelerator facility to carry out these reactions.
reduction and reducing agent
What is dropping mercury electrode? Give its advantages.
How does atomic force microscopy (AFM) work? Explain briefly with their applications.
What is common source of errors in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)? A mixture of CaO and is analysed by TGA. The result indicates that mass of the sample decreases from
to
only between
and
. Calculate the percentage of calcium carbonate in the mixture.
a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell
Indium and Cadmium ions in 0.1 M HCl give peaks at potentials -0.557 V and -0.597 V by differential pulse polarographic analysis. When a standard solution containing 0.4 ppm of indium is analysed, it gave peak current (in arbitrary units) corresponding to 100.25 at -0.557 V and 43.75 at -0.597 V. A standard solution containing 0.4 ppm of Cd gave ip 29.52 at -0.557 V and 64.8 at -0.597 V. What is the concentration of indium and cadmium in a sample if the peak current is 190 at -0.557 V and 120 at -0.597 V.