Write short notes on the following.  

(a) Earthquakes. 

(b) Earth’s radiation balance.

A)

Earthquakes are natural phenomena that occur when the Earth's crust shifts or releases energy. They can happen anywhere in the world and are often unpredictable, making them a significant hazard to human life and infrastructure. In this article, we will explore the causes of earthquakes, their effects, and how to prepare for them.

Causes of Earthquakes Earthquakes are usually caused by the movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's crust. These plates are massive slabs of rock that float on top of the Earth's molten mantle. As the plates move and grind against each other, they can cause friction and pressure to build up. When the pressure becomes too great, the plates may suddenly shift, causing an earthquake.

Another cause of earthquakes is the movement of magma within the Earth's mantle. As magma rises towards the surface, it can cause the surrounding rock to fracture and shift, resulting in an earthquake. Earthquakes can also be caused by human activity, such as drilling or mining, but these are relatively rare compared to natural causes.

Effects of Earthquakes The effects of earthquakes can be devastating. They can cause buildings to collapse, bridges to fail, and roads ___ __________ _________ _________ ________.
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