Write about the defence mechanisms in plants.

Defense Mechanisms Against Herbivores

Herbivores, both large and small, use plants as food and actively chew them. Plants have developed a variety of strategies to discourage or kill attackers.

Mechanical Defenses

The first line of defense in plants is an intact and impenetrable barrier composed of bark and a waxy cuticle. Both protect plants against herbivores. Other adaptations against herbivores include hard shells, thorns (modified branches), and spines (modified leaves). They discourage animals by causing physical damage or ____ _______ _________ ____ _______ ________ __________ _____ ____ ___ _____.
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