Write a note on the Non-cooperation movement.

noncooperation movement, unsuccessful attempt in 1920–22, organized by Mahatma Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. It was one of Gandhi’s first organized acts of large-scale civil disobedience (satyagraha).

The movement arose amid a political earthquake that shook the subcontinent. The heavy-handedness of the British raj, as illustrated in its passage of the Rowlatt Acts (1919) despite fierce Indian opposition, provoked a strong backlash. British-led violence in the Punjab—most notably the massacre at Amritsar in April 1919, in which several hundred Indians were killed—only increased resolve that Indian self-government was necessary. That anger was later compounded by indignation at the government’s alleged failure to take adequate action against those responsible, notably Gen. Reginald Dyer, who had commanded the troops involved in the massacre.

Meanwhile, the Khilafat movement was mobilizing Muslim protest against the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat movement aided his efforts to revitalize the Indian National Congress, and both the Khilafat movement and the Indian National Congress embarked on contemporaneous programs of noncooperation.

The noncooperation movement was to be nonviolent and to consist of Indians resigning their titles; boycotting government educational institutions, the courts, government service, foreign goods, and elections; and, ____ __________ ______ ___ ___ _____ _______ _______ ________ _________ ___ _____.
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