Write a note on the Marxist historiography in the West after Second World War. 

Karl Marx believed that the history of human society was best understood through the concept of historical materialism (although Marx himself never used this term). This is the theory that political systems, institutions and culture (the ‘superstructure’ of society) have always been, and always will be, determined by the relationship between man and his means of production (the ‘base’ of society).

Marx identified five successive stages in the history of human society: the primitive-communal stage, characterised by hunter-gatherer communities; the ancient stage, where slaves had neither property nor rights and were subject to the will of their masters; the feudal stage, in which peasants worked on the land for their masters; the capitalist stage, characterised by a system of wage labour; and eventually the socialist stage, initiating the rule of the proletariat and paving the way for the long-awaited and ideal stage of communism.

Throughout the twentieth century, Marx’s theory of historical materialism was both amended and extended by a series of historians known collectively as the neo-Marxists. The first of these was the Italian theorist and politician Antonio Gramsci, who argued that it was vitally important to amend Marx’s _____ _______ _____ __________ ______ ______ _______ __________ _________.
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