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In Jain philosophy, the idea of liberation, known as *moksha*, occupies the central position and is regarded as the ultimate goal of human existence. Jain thinkers, from the earliest period, emphasized that worldly life is characterized by bondage, suffering, and entanglement in the cycle of birth and death, and liberation represents the final release from this condition. Unlike systems that place emphasis on a supreme creator deity, Jainism views liberation as a purely individual achievement, realized through one’s own effort, discipline, and spiritual purification. The Jaina path to liberation is grounded in the doctrine of *jiva* (soul), *karma*, and the practices that lead to the cessation of karmic bondage. According to Jain metaphysics, reality consists of two fundamental categories: *jiva* (conscious substance, or soul) and *ajiva* (non-conscious substance). Every living being possesses *jiva*, which in its essential nature is pure, eternal, conscious, and endowed with infinite knowledge and bliss. However, the soul is not experienced in its pure state because it is bound by *karma*, conceived _________ _______ ___ _____ ____ ______ _______.
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