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In Jain philosophy, the idea of liberation, known as *moksha*, occupies the central position and is regarded as the ultimate goal of human existence. Jain thinkers, from the earliest period, emphasized that worldly life is characterized by bondage, suffering, and entanglement in the cycle of birth and death, and liberation represents the final release from this condition. Unlike systems that place emphasis on a supreme creator deity, Jainism views liberation as a purely individual achievement, realized through one’s own effort, discipline, and spiritual purification. The Jaina path to liberation is grounded in the doctrine of *jiva* (soul), *karma*, and the practices that lead to the cessation of karmic bondage. According to Jain metaphysics, reality consists of two fundamental categories: *jiva* (conscious substance, or soul) and *ajiva* (non-conscious substance). Every living being possesses *jiva*, which in its essential nature is pure, eternal, conscious, and endowed with infinite knowledge and bliss. However, the soul is not experienced in its pure state because it is bound by *karma*, conceived not merely as an abstract moral law but as a fine, material substance that attaches itself to the soul due to the activities of mind, speech, and body. The influx of karma into the soul is called *asrava*, while its bondage is *bandha*. As long as karma remains attached to the soul, it is subject to the cycle of birth and death (*samsara*). Liberation, therefore, is the state in which all karmic matter has been completely removed and the soul shines forth in its ____ ______ __________ _________ __________ _________ ________.
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