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The deindustrialization of the Indian economy during the colonial period refers to the decline of India’s traditional handicraft industries, the loss of its position as a leading manufacturing hub, and the transition towards a primarily agrarian and raw material supplying economy under British rule. Before the advent of the British, India was known for its flourishing industries, especially in textiles, metalwork, shipbuilding, and handicrafts, which catered to both domestic and international markets. The Mughal period saw India as one of the largest industrial producers in the world, with textile centers in Bengal, Gujarat, and the Coromandel Coast earning global fame. However, with the consolidation of colonial power, structural changes in trade policies and production processes led to the systematic destruction of these industries. The primary cause of deindustrialization was the British economic policy, which transformed India into a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of British manufactured goods. With the Industrial Revolution in Britain, machine-made goods became cheaper and flooded Indian markets, displacing handmade Indian products. For example, the muslin and fine cotton industries of Bengal, once internationally renowned, faced sharp competition from Lancashire’s machine-made cotton textiles. The British imposed discriminatory tariffs and trade policies: Indian textiles entering Britain were heavily taxed, while British goods entered India either duty-free or with minimal tariffs. This created a one-sided market where Indian artisans could not compete, leading to the closure of numerous workshops and a decline in artisanal employment. The destruction of the traditional textile industry was particularly severe. Handloom weavers and spinners lost their livelihoods due to the influx of ______ _______ _________ ______ _____ ___ _________ ______ _______ ____ ______.
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