Write a note on the Concept of Avidya propounded by Śaṁkara and the refutation of the concept of Avidyā/Māyā by Rāmānuja.

The Indian philosophical tradition has produced a wide variety of ideas, concepts, and debates that have shaped the development of different schools of thought over the centuries. Two of the most influential schools of Vedanta philosophy are Advaita and Vishishtadvaita. Advaita Vedanta, developed by Shankara, holds that the ultimate reality is nondual and that the phenomenal world is illusory. In contrast, Vishishtadvaita, developed by Ramanuja, argues that the phenomenal world is real and that the ultimate reality is personal and relational.

One of the key concepts in Advaita Vedanta is Avidya, which refers to ignorance or the inability to see reality as it truly is. According to Shankara, Avidya is the root cause of all suffering and delusion. He argues that Avidya creates the illusion of duality, causing individuals to mistake the phenomenal world for the ultimate reality. Shankara posits that the ultimate reality, Brahman, is pure consciousness and that the phenomenal world is Maya, an illusion that arises from Avidya.

Shankara believes that Avidya can only be removed by attaining knowledge of Brahman. He argues that this knowledge is not something that can be attained through ordinary means, such as empirical observation or logical deduction. Instead, it requires a direct and intuitive realization of the nondual nature of reality. This realization, according to Shankara, can be achieved through the practice of Vedanta, which involves the study of scriptures, meditation, and devotion to Brahman.

In contrast, Ramanuja, the founder of the Vishishtadvaita school, rejects the concept of Avidya/Maya. He argues that the phenomenal world is not illusory but is a real manifestation of the __________ ___ _________ ________ _________.
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