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The slave trade in Africa was a long and complex historical process that profoundly shaped African societies, economies, and political structures, while also influencing global history. Slavery existed in various forms within Africa before external involvement, often linked to domestic servitude, warfare, and social hierarchy. However, the scale, brutality, and economic orientation of slavery changed dramatically with the expansion of trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, and especially trans-Atlantic slave trades. The trans-Saharan slave trade connected sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean world from ancient times. African captives were transported across deserts to be used as soldiers, domestic servants, administrators, and laborers. Similarly, the Indian Ocean slave trade, dominated by Arab traders, linked East ____ _____ ______ ________ _______ ___ ______ _______ _______.
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