Write a note on economic nationalism with special reference to Indian thinkers

India is an interesting case for analyzing economic nationalism. Since its independence in 1947 India has pursued, initially, a strong anti-imperialist economic policy by promoting self-reliance. Following the Leninist strategy of controlling the commanding heights of the economy, India’s Fabian-inspired Nehruvian socialism brought major industries under state control. Economic nationalism de jure was expressed by curtailing the expansion of private capital in certain critical sectors and protecting domestic capitalists from foreign competition. It established a basic industrial foundation and a technical-education infrastructure to sustain future growth but fell behind the global technology frontier due to increasingly autarkic and sometimes dysfunctional policies. Paradoxically, India witnessed persistent deficits in its international financial position, the very outcome that economic nationalism was expected to avoid. India was characterized by a slow-growing, high-cost economy with shoddy and scarce products. Hence, this ideological anti-capitalist, anti-globalization stance was short-lived as domestic politics combined with the rise of the Indian bourgeoisie eroded the practical feasibility of the more orthodox version of economic nationalism. Subsequently, since the 1980s, various economic and industrial sectors were gradually and selectively deregulated, privatized, and internationalized. However, what makes the Indian case of economic nationalism heuristically _______ _______ ___ ______ ___ _________ ___ ____ ____ __________.
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