Write a note on biotic stress.

Biotic stress refers to the damage or negative impact caused to plants by living organisms, such as pathogens, insects, herbivores, and other competitors. Unlike abiotic stress, which results from non-living factors like temperature or water, biotic stress arises due to interactions with other organisms that affect plant growth, productivity, and survival.

Pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, can infect plants _____ ________ ____ ____ _____ __________ _______ ______.
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