Write a detailed note on Sungas and Kushanas. 

Or

 Discuss the main features of the trade and urbanization in the period between 200 BCE –
200 CE. 

The Sungas were brahmanas and there are several references to Sunga teachers in Vedic texts. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions a teacher named Sungiputra. From Panini we learn that the Sungas were of Bharadvaja gotra. Kalidasa’s Malavikagnimitra describes Agnimitra, son of Pushyamitra, as belonging to the Baimbika kula and the Baudhayana Srauta Sutra represents the Baimbikayah as Kashyapas. In view of the conflicting statements, it is difficult to say whether Pushyamitra was a Sunga of Bharadvaja gotra or Baimbika of Kashyapa lineage. However, all these sources indicate that the Sungas were brahmanas. Moreover a later text like Harshacharita also refers to Pushyamitra as a brahmana who was an ignoble person.

Sunga rule in India according to the Puranas lasted for 112 years. Magadha was the nucleus of the kingdom. The usurpation of the Mauryan throne by Pushyamitra is referred to in the Puranas and Banabhatta’s Harshacharita. According to the Puranas, Pushyamitra ruled for 36 years and died in 151 BCE. His son and successor was Agnimitra and he was succeeded by his son Vasumitra. The Puranas refer to ten Sunga rulers. Except for Pushyamitra, Agnimitra, Vasumitra and Dhanadeva, the historicity of other rulers is not supplemented by sources. Pushyamitra Sunga is also known for his encounter with the Yavanas (Bactrian Greeks.) According to Patanjali’s Mahabhasya (III.2.111), there were Greek incursions during the rule of the Sungas. This information is also corroborated by Yugapurana. The Greeks besieged Saketa (near Ayodhya in the Faizabad District of Uttar Pradesh) and Madhyamika (Nagari near Chittor in Rajasthan). This is clear from the phrase ‘Arunòad Yavano Saketam, Arunòad Yavano Madhyamikam’. Patanjali also indicates that the yavanas lived outside Madhyadesha which was situated to the east of Adarsa. The date of Mahabhasya is taken to be c.150 BCE. Malavikagnimitram, a play by Kalidasa, preserves the memory of the defeat of the yavanas at the hands of Vasumitra, the grandson of Pushyamitra Sunga. According to the play, Pushpamitra (Pushyamitra) ________ ________ _______ ____ ___ __________ ______ _____ _________ ______ _______ ________.
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