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The Tolman cone angle is an important steric parameter used to describe the size or steric bulk of phosphine ligands in coordination chemistry. It was introduced by C. A. Tolman to compare the spatial demand of different tertiary phosphines, PR₃, when they coordinate to a metal atom. The cone angle helps in understanding the effect of ligand bulk on the geometry, stability, and reactivity of transition metal complexes. The cone angle (θ) is defined _____ ___ ________ ____ __________ ________ _______ ___.
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