With reference to town planning and trade networks, describe the main features of the Mature Harappan phase

One of the distinguishing features of the Mature Harappan phase is its artefacts and technology (Possehl 2003). We have a new pottery (style, clay fabrics, vessel forms and painting), even though there may be some continuities with the earlier ones. There is an increasing use of metal and introduction of bronze. The new metallic objects include pots, pans, copper tablets, blades, fishhooks, razor and others. The use of baked bricks is very common and there is now standardization across the sites. There is expansion of bead making, widespread use of carnelian, and development of a complex technology to drill the hard stones. Along with this, there is usage of writing at all the sites. More than 4000 Indus inscriptions have been found. Sites like Harappa and Mohenjodaro; Ganweriwala in Cholistan; Dholavira in Kutch; and Rakhigarhi in Haryana were large settlements and symbolize aggregates of population. The chief characteristic of this phase is its uniformity. The sites whether located in Baluchistan, Punjab or even Gujarat show usage of uniform kind of artefacts. All the buildings were made using bricks in proportion of 1:2:4. A common system of weights and measures was in use. The motifs on the seals display one kind of iconography. Nearly all sites can boast of unprecedented civic amenities such as roomy houses with bathrooms, serviceable roads, elaborate system of drainage, water supply system. Despite the impressive unity, some sites display some differences in town planning, and religious beliefs. Also, some of the regions were less integrated. Possehl (2003) estimates the transition to have occurred between 2600-2500 BCE, but we still don’t understand the factors that led to this change. One of the main features of this phase is its sheer uniformity in culture. The buildings, whether located in Sindh, Punjab or Rajasthan were built using bricks in the ratio 1:2:4. The dimensions for the house bricks were 7×14×28 cms. and for the city wall it was 10×20×40 cms. In town planning, most settlements were divided into two areas: a citadel and a lower town. Both were fortified or surrounded by a wall. In the citadel mound, ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ __________ _____ _________ __________.
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