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Planning is a deliberate process of identifying goals, allocating resources, and designing strategies for social and economic development. While early development planning focused primarily on economic growth, industrialization, and technological advancement, experience across the world has demonstrated that culture plays a decisive role in determining the success or failure of development initiatives. Culture encompasses the values, beliefs, customs, traditions, language, social norms, symbols, and patterns of behavior shared by a community. Development planning that ignores these cultural dimensions often encounters resistance, inefficiency, and unintended social consequences. Therefore, cultural considerations have become an essential component of development planning in sociology. Culture shapes people's perceptions, aspirations, and responses to change. Every society has its own ways of organizing family life, economic activities, leadership, and community participation. Development programmes that conflict with these established practices may be rejected by the intended beneficiaries. Incorporating cultural knowledge into planning enables policymakers to design interventions that are socially acceptable and sustainable. One of the primary reasons _______ __________ __________ ____ ________ __________ ___ ____ ____.
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