Why 'new' social movements are called 'new'? Write it's features in brief.

The term "new" social movements (NSMs) in the context of India refers to a distinct shift in the way social movements have emerged and organized since the 1970s, in contrast to the earlier, traditional forms of protest that were primarily class-based, focusing on issues such as labor rights, land distribution, or industrial workers' rights. The term "new" signifies a break from the older forms of social mobilization and their objectives, methods, and ideologies.

Several factors contribute to the "newness" of these movements, reflecting changes in society, politics, and the economy. At the core, the new social movements are often linked to post-industrial, post-colonial, and post-modern societies, where issues transcend class struggle and focus more on identity, cultural recognition, environmental concerns, and political rights. These movements arise in response to the limitations of traditional leftist ideologies, especially Marxism, and focus on a broad range of issues related to human rights, environmental justice, and identity-based politics. The rise of these movements reflects the changing nature of societal concerns in a modern, globalized world.

### Key Features of New Social Movements

1. Non-Class Based Mobilization:  
   Unlike earlier social movements in India, which were largely rooted in class struggle—particularly the labor movements or peasant revolts—the new social movements are more focused on non-economic grievances. Issues such as gender, ethnicity, indigenous rights, environmental concerns, and cultural identity have taken center stage. The focus is not just on economic redistribution but also on cultural, social, and political empowerment.

2. Focus on Identity and Cultural Recognition:  
   A central feature of NSMs is the emphasis on identity politics. These movements address the marginalized sections of society, including dalits, women, indigenous communities, and religious minorities, who seek recognition and rights based on their unique cultural identities. For example, the women's movement, the ______ ______ ________ _______ ____ _______ ________ _______ ____ ____.
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