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The Annales School of historiography represents one of the most influential movements in 20th-century historical thought. Originating in France, the school fundamentally reshaped the way historians approach the study of the past by challenging traditional political and event-based narratives. Instead, it emphasized long-term social history, the use of interdisciplinary methods, and the integration of structures, mentalities, and geography into historical analysis. The founders of this school—Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre—are regarded as pioneers who laid the intellectual foundation for this historiographical revolution. Their works and methodological contributions continue to influence historical writing and analysis today. Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre founded the Annales School in 1929 with the launch of the journal *Annales d’histoire économique et sociale*. The journal served as a platform to express their dissatisfaction with the then-dominant approaches to historiography, which they considered too narrowly focused on politics, diplomacy, and great men. Instead, Bloch and Febvre advocated for a broader, more inclusive history—one that accounted for the social, economic, cultural, and psychological dimensions of the past. They were inspired by developments in the social sciences, particularly sociology, geography, and economics, and they called for a "total history" (histoire totale) that would integrate these fields. Marc Bloch (1886–1944) was a medieval ________ ________ _____ ________ ______ __________ __________ ____ ________ ____.
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