Who are considered to be the founders of the Annales School of historiography? Discuss their works.

In 1929, a new journal called Annales d’historie economique et sociale appeared in France, featuring the work of a new generation of historians: Lucian Febvre, Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudel, and Ernst Labrousse. Until the turn of the century, traditional history was built around the acts and facts of "great men", political and military personalities who became the stuff of legends: Alexander and Caesar, Gengis Khan, Louis XIV and Napoleon. These exceptional individuals defined the scale of history; their deaths signalled a change of era and also of books and authors. The movement was in search for “a larger and a more human history,” by its rejection of the predominant conceptions of writing history, namely:

a focus on political-military history

concentrated on the analysis of short periods

a narrative style of events

what they called a “stamp collecting” mentality in collecting facts and events

The Annales wanted to integrate insights and methodologies from anthropology, geography, sociology, economics and psychology. It was interested in longer timespans, the social history of everyday life, and “mentalites” (modes of consciousness). In essence, it was an analytical history which looked at economic and social history in a long-term perspective, departing from a traditional event-based historiography. These historians rebelled against traditional historians' obsession with wars and states, the “great” men of history, and looking at development as linear. Annales school historians examined phenomena and their underlying causes in depth with a particular attention to long stretches of time. Peter Burke has divided the movement in three phases or generations:

Phase 1 (1920-1945): the movement is very radical and subversive and strongly opposes the tradition of political history. [Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre]

Phase 2 (1945-1968): the movement becomes a school of thought, with its main concepts (structure-conjuncture) and method (serial history of changes over the long term). [Fernand Braudel, Ernst Labrousse]

Phase 3 (1968-1989): the school becomes more fragmented and shifts its concern from the socio-economic to the socio-cultural. [Ariel, Bourdieau, Goffman, etc.]

PHASE 1

Marc Bloch (social psychology)
Bloch started with a study of what he called ‘collective illusions’. In The Royal Touch he looked at the belief that the king’s touch could cure people from diseases. He compared France and England on a long term scale and analysed how such collective illusions survived after the Middle Ages. His aim was to problematize the fact that people believed such improbable things for a prolonged period in time, and to point to possible causes of such a phenomenon. A survey of this kind could be regarded as a psychological history, and Bloch partly applies Durkheim’s ideas on collective beliefs _____ ______ _____ ________ ___ ____ ______ _______ ______ __________ _____.
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