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The political programme of the extremists in India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries emerged as a response to the moderate methods of the Indian National Congress. While moderates sought gradual reforms through petitions, dialogues, and constitutional methods, extremists believed in a more assertive and radical approach to achieve political self-governance and national awakening. The extremist phase of Indian politics, roughly from 1905 to 1917, was primarily associated with leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, collectively known as the Lal-Bal-Pal trio. Their political programme reflected a combination of assertive nationalism, socio-political reforms, and direct action to challenge British colonial authority. The extremists were dissatisfied with the slow pace of reforms and the limited powers granted to Indians under the British government. They believed that constitutional methods alone were insufficient to secure self-rule. Hence, their political programme emphasized the demand for Swaraj, which meant self-government or self-rule, not merely administrative participation under the colonial framework. Tilak famously declared, “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it,” summarizing the extremist demand for complete political autonomy. Unlike moderates who worked within legal boundaries, extremists advocated for more proactive and sometimes confrontational methods, including public agitation, boycotts of British goods, and promotion of indigenous industries. One of the central elements of the extremist programme was mass mobilization and political awakening. Extremists believed that true political change could only occur when ordinary Indians were aware of ________ ____ ______ __________ _________ ______.
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