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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer whose contributions fundamentally transformed the understanding of the cosmos. His revolutionary theory, known as the heliocentric model, proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the universe. This assertion marked a major departure from the geocentric (Earth-centered) model that had dominated Western astronomical thought for over a thousand years, largely based on the works of Claudius Ptolemy and rooted in Aristotelian cosmology. Copernicus's most significant contribution to astronomy was his formulation of the heliocentric theory, which he elaborated in his seminal work *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* ("On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres"), published in 1543, the year of his death. This work laid out a comprehensive model of the universe in which the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun. In this system, the apparent daily motion of the stars and planets was explained by the rotation of the Earth on its axis, and the retrograde motion of planets was naturally accounted for by the relative motion of Earth and the other planets in their orbits around the Sun. Prior to Copernicus, the Ptolemaic system had explained planetary movements through complex mechanisms involving epicycles and deferents. Copernicus's model simplified this by reducing the need for many epicycles, although he still retained some in order to preserve circular orbits, which were considered perfect and immutable in ancient cosmology. Nonetheless, his model provided a more elegant mathematical framework for predicting the positions of the planets and explained inconsistencies in the Ptolemaic _______ ___ ______ ________ _____ ____ _____ _________.
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