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The urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon in which urban areas experience higher temperatures than nearby rural areas. Cities become warmer because natural land surfaces are replaced by buildings, roads, concrete structures, and other artificial materials that absorb and retain heat. As a result, densely populated towns and metropolitan regions often record temperatures several degrees higher than surrounding countryside, especially during summer and at night. This effect has become an important topic in the study of climate change because rapid urbanization is increasing the number and size of cities across the world. Though it is mainly a _____ __________ ___ ________ ________ __________ _______ ________ __________ ____ _________ _________.
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