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The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of the most ambitious social security and poverty alleviation programmes in India, aimed at ensuring livelihood security in rural areas through the provision of guaranteed wage employment. Enacted in 2005 and implemented in 2006, MGNREGA is a landmark initiative in the history of rural development programmes, as it confers a justiciable “right to work” to rural households. It is rights-based in character, legally binding the state to provide employment on demand. The act not only seeks to reduce poverty but also addresses the issues of unemployment, underemployment, migration, and the creation of durable rural assets. Its uniqueness lies in combining the objective of social protection with the promotion of sustainable rural development. MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do such work. The act also stipulates that work must be provided within 15 days of a demand being raised, failing which the applicant is entitled to an unemployment allowance. The law is demand-driven, which means it is not supply-based but responds to the actual need for work expressed by people. The programme is universal in its scope, covering the entire country, except for a few urbanised districts. Unlike earlier wage employment programmes, MGNREGA is rights-based, ensuring accountability of the state through social audits, transparency measures, and legal guarantees. The objectives of MGNREGA are multidimensional. Firstly, it seeks to enhance livelihood security by providing wage employment to the rural poor. Secondly, it aims to create durable assets that would strengthen the natural resource base of villages, such as water conservation structures, irrigation canals, rural connectivity, and land development. Thirdly, the act has a strong social inclusion dimension, as it provides opportunities to marginalised groups including women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. The act also enshrines a gender-sensitive provision that mandates one-third of the workers to be women. Additionally, MGNREGA contributes to reducing distress migration from rural to urban areas by creating employment opportunities within the village itself. The _____ ________ _______ ______ ______ __________ ____ _________ ______ ______ ______.
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