What is the effective life of a photovoltaic module? State the factors on which voltage output of a PV module depends.

The effective life of a photovoltaic (PV) module, often referred to as solar panels, typically ranges from 25 to 30 years. However, this estimate can vary depending on various factors such as the quality of materials used, environmental conditions, maintenance, and technological advancements.

1. Quality of Materials: The longevity of a PV module heavily depends on the quality of materials used in its manufacturing. High-quality materials tend to have better resistance to environmental stresses, leading to a longer lifespan. Cheaper materials may degrade more quickly, reducing the effective life of the module.

2. Environmental Conditions: Environmental factors play a significant role in determining the lifespan of a PV module. Exposure to ________ ___ ________ __________ __________ __________ ______ ___ ___.
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