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Runoff is the portion of precipitation, snowmelt, or other forms of water that flows over the land surface and through streams, rivers, and channels toward lakes, reservoirs, or oceans after satisfying losses due to interception, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and surface storage. It is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle because it determines the availability of water resources, influences flood occurrence, supports irrigation and hydropower generation, and helps in planning hydraulic structures. Runoff may occur as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and base flow depending on the path taken by water before reaching a stream. Measurement of runoff is essential for water resources planning, flood forecasting, reservoir design, watershed management, and hydrological studies. The methods used for measuring runoff are broadly classified into direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve actual measurement of streamflow or runoff volume. The stream gauging method is the most common direct method. __________ ___ __________ _________ ____ __________ _____ ________ ______ ______.
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