What is protein energy malnutrition? Give its causes and preventive measures.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that results from inadequate intake of both protein and calories. It is a global health concern, particularly in developing countries, where it can lead to a range of health complications and even death if left untreated. PEM encompasses a spectrum of conditions, with the most severe form being known as kwashiorkor and the chronic form as marasmus.

Causes of Protein-Energy Malnutrition:

1. Inadequate Dietary Intake: The primary cause of PEM is a diet that lacks sufficient protein and calories. This often occurs in regions with food scarcity, poverty, and limited access to nutritious foods. Insufficient intake can result from various factors, including poor agricultural practices, food distribution issues, and economic disparities.

2. Poor Infant Feeding Practices: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is essential for infants' growth and development. When infants are not breastfed or introduced to appropriate complementary foods at the right time, they _________ ________ _____ __________ __________.
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