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Modernity refers to the historical and social condition associated with the transformation of societies from traditional to industrial and post-industrial forms. It is characterized by rapid scientific and technological advancement, industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratic organization, capitalism, secularization, rationality, and the expansion of democratic institutions. Modernity is not merely a historical period but also a way of organizing social life based on continuous innovation, critical thinking, and institutional change. Sociologists have interpreted modernity differently. Karl Marx emphasized capitalism and class conflict, Max Weber focused on rationalization and bureaucracy, and Émile Durkheim highlighted the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity. Anthony Giddens developed one of the most influential contemporary interpretations by examining modernity as a dynamic and constantly evolving social order. According to Anthony Giddens, modernity is a distinctive form of social organization that emerged in Europe from the seventeenth century onwards and later spread globally. He argued that ________ __________ _________ __________ __________.
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