What is meant by Ion Selective electrodes? Give their applications.

Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are analytical devices used to measure the concentration of specific ions in a solution. They are sensors that generate a potential in response to the activity of a particular ion, enabling the detection and quantification of that ion in a sample. The electrode works based on the principle of ion-selectivity, where the electrode’s surface is made to interact selectively with a certain ion in the solution, while minimizing interference from other ions.

The basic construction of an ISE involves a membrane that selectively interacts with the ion of interest. This membrane could be made from various materials such as glass, solid-state, polymer, or liquid. The most common example is the glass electrode used for measuring pH, where the glass membrane selectively responds ____ _____ ____ _________ ___ ___.
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