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Mantle plumes are localized, buoyant upwellings of abnormally hot rock that originate from deep within the Earth's mantle, often near the core-mantle boundary. These plumes rise through the mantle due to their lower density compared to the surrounding material and can eventually reach the lithosphere, where they cause significant thermal and mechanical effects on the Earth's crust. The concept of mantle plumes is integral to understanding intraplate volcanism, hotspot formation, and certain tectonic phenomena that cannot be explained solely by plate boundary interactions. In volcanism, mantle plumes play a critical role by providing a continuous supply of hot magma that penetrates the lithosphere. As the plume head approaches the base of the lithosphere, decompression melting occurs due to ________ ____ ______ ___ _________ _________ _________ _________.
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