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Justifiable and excusable defences are key concepts under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) that provide legal protection to individuals who commit acts that would otherwise constitute an offence but are performed under circumstances that either justify or excuse the act. These defences are grounded in the principles of fairness, necessity, and human rights, and they acknowledge that not all harmful acts are morally or legally blameworthy if carried out under specific conditions. The distinction between justifiable and excusable defences is subtle but significant in criminal law. A justifiable defence refers to actions that are legally permissible because they are necessary to protect oneself or others from imminent harm or danger. In other words, the act is considered lawful because it is performed to prevent a greater harm, and there is no proportionality violation in doing so. Justifiable defences recognize that in certain situations, breaking the law or inflicting harm is unavoidable to uphold a higher legal or moral duty. The IPC explicitly provides for justifiable acts in several sections. For instance, Section 96 to Section 106 deal with general exceptions, covering acts done in self-defence. Section 96 states that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence. Section 97 elaborates that every person has the ______ _________ ________ _____ _________.
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