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Genetic polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more genetically determined variants, or alleles, at a particular gene locus in a population, where the frequency of the least common allele is at least 1%. It is a normal and stable feature of populations and differs from rare mutations because polymorphisms are relatively common and are maintained over generations. Genetic polymorphism contributes significantly to human diversity and influences physical characteristics, physiological traits, susceptibility to diseases, response to drugs, and adaptation to different environments. The existence of polymorphism is maintained by evolutionary forces such as mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and balancing selection. Since polymorphisms are inherited according to Mendelian principles, they serve as valuable tools in population genetics, evolutionary biology, medical genetics, forensic science, and genetic mapping. Polymorphisms occur at different ____ ______ ___ ____ ___ _____ ______ ____.
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