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Deterioration is the gradual weakening, damage, or reduction in the strength and durability of a building or construction material due to age, weather, chemical action, poor maintenance, overloading, or environmental effects. It affects the appearance, safety, and service life of a structure. Common signs of deterioration in concrete and masonry structures include cracking, scaling, spalling, and delamination. Cracking is the formation of narrow openings or fissures in concrete, plaster, brickwork, or other building materials. Cracks may develop due to shrinkage, temperature changes, settlement of foundation, overloading, corrosion of reinforcement, poor workmanship, or moisture movement. Cracks can be structural or non-structural. Structural cracks affect ______ ______ _________ ______ ________ _____ ________ _____ ____.
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