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Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is an important applied dimension of anthropology concerned with the identification, documentation, protection, conservation, and responsible use of cultural resources. Cultural resources include both tangible and intangible expressions of human culture, such as archaeological sites, monuments, historical buildings, artefacts, landscapes, traditional knowledge, customs, rituals, oral traditions, crafts, and places of cultural or religious significance. CRM applies anthropological knowledge to ensure that cultural heritage is protected while development and modernization take place. Cultural Resource Management developed partly in response to the increasing destruction of cultural heritage caused by urbanization, industrialization, infrastructure projects, mining, dams, roads, tourism, agriculture, and population expansion. When a large development project is planned, archaeological sites, historical structures, sacred places, or culturally significant landscapes may be threatened. CRM attempts to identify such resources before development and recommends appropriate measures for their preservation, documentation, mitigation, or interpretation. Anthropology plays a central role in CRM because anthropologists study human societies, cultures, traditions, social institutions, material culture, and relationships between communities and their environments. Cultural Resource Management therefore uses methods from cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistics, history, geography, and related disciplines. It is interdisciplinary and involves researchers, government agencies, local communities, planners, archaeologists, historians, environmental specialists, and heritage organizations. A major component of CRM is cultural resource identification and assessment. Before construction or development begins, specialists conduct surveys and field investigations to locate archaeological remains, historical structures, cultural landscapes, sacred sites, and other resources. Archaeological surveys may ___ _______ ______ ______ ________ ____ ___ ___ _____ __________ __________.
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