What is an Hypervisor? Describe various hypervisor based virtualization approaches like full virtualization, para virtualization and h/w-assisted virtualization.

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software that creates and manages virtual machines (VMs) by abstracting and isolating physical hardware resources such as CPUs, memory, and storage. It enables multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine, allowing them to share resources without interfering with each other. Hypervisors are fundamental to virtualization technology and are typically used in cloud computing environments to optimize resource utilization and enable scalability, flexibility, and cost efficiency.

The role of the hypervisor is to manage the guest operating systems (VMs) and provide each with its own virtualized hardware environment. There are two main types of hypervisors: Type 1 (bare-metal) and Type 2 (hosted). A Type 1 hypervisor runs directly on the physical hardware, while a Type 2 hypervisor runs on top of an operating system. Both types of hypervisors can use different approaches to virtualization, each with varying degrees of abstraction and performance overhead.

### Full Virtualization

Full virtualization is a technique where the hypervisor provides complete abstraction of the underlying hardware to the guest operating system. In this approach, the guest OS is unaware that it is running in a virtualized environment, and it operates as if it were running on a physical machine. The hypervisor intercepts and translates all instructions that the guest OS would normally execute on the hardware, including privileged instructions (e.g., accessing hardware directly).

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