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An abstract class in Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a class that cannot be instantiated directly and is primarily used as a base class from which other classes are derived. It provides a common interface and may include both defined and undefined (abstract) methods. Abstract classes are used when multiple classes share common structure and behavior but also have their own specific implementations. For instance, consider an abstract class `Shape` with an abstract method `area()`. Subclasses like `Circle` _____ _________ _________ _____ _______ _________ ______ __________ __________ _____.
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